Aerospace, Defense and Mechanical Engineering

Aeronautics is the study of the science of flight. Aeronautics is the method of designing an airplane or other flying machine. There are four basic areas that aeronautical engineers must understand in order to be able to design planes. To design a plane, engineers must understand all of these elements. These include Stability and control, Materials and structures, Propulsion and Aerodynamics. Aeronautical engineering deals with construction, design, as well as the study of aircraft that is purposed to stay within the atmosphere of the earth, while performing the necessary operations and tasks. These aircrafts include helicopters and airplanes. Aeronautics underlies the study, design, and manufacture of airplanes or other aviation vehicles. Aeronautics also includes research into methods for aircraft operation within the earth's atmosphere. Aeronautical engineers apply principles and concepts of engineering to create new aircraft containing the most current and sophisticated technologies. A significant part of aeronautical science is a branch of dynamics called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft.

Astronautical engineering is the broad application of science and engineering to aerospace operations. Astronautical engineering often deals with the main design, manufacturing, as well as the science of aircraft needed in order to perform and function outside the atmosphere of the earth. This sub field of aerospace engineering generally deals with space stations and rocket satellites. As with aeronautics, the restrictions of mass, temperatures, and external forces require that applications in space survive extreme conditions. Extreme constraints on mass cause astronautical engineers to face the constant need to save mass in the design in order to maximize the actual payload that reaches orbit. Although many regard astronautics itself as a rather specialized subject it has many distinct fields which comprises of Astrodynamics, Spacecraft propulsion, Spacecraft design, Space environment etc.

It is a field that explains about the specialized side of aviation missions instead of flight preparing or support administration. It Includes Communications satellite applications, Remote detecting satellite applications, Navigation satellite applications, Satellite and launcher innovation, Ultra-wideband advances for space applications, Science and stargazing and Astrobiology.

Fluid Mechanics deals with the mechanical properties of gasses and fluids. Fluid Mechanics can be divided into liquid statics,( the investigation of liquids very still) or liquid motion,( the investigation of the impact of powers on smooth movement.) It incorporates these sub tracks Fluid-strong mechanics, Knots and connects in liquid mechanics, Stress and strain in liquid mechanics, Thermos liquid mechanics, Computational liquid progress and Fluid elements. of gasses and fluids. Fluid Mechanics can be divided into liquid statics,( the investigation of liquids very still) or liquid motion,( the investigation of the impact of powers on smooth movement.) It incorporates these sub tracks Fluid-strong mechanics, Knots and connects in liquid mechanics, Stress and strain in liquid mechanics, Thermos liquid mechanics, Computational liquid progress and Fluid elements.

The fluid mechanics study involves many fields that have no clear boundaries between them. Researchers distinguish between orderly flow and chaotic flow as the laminar flow and the turbulent flow. The fluid mechanics can also be distinguish between a single phase flow and multiphase flow.

Aerodynamics is the method air travels around things. A streamlined feature is a sub-field of liquid elements and gas flow, and numerous parts of optimal design hypothesis are normal to these fields. It contains Projectile streamlined features, Aero warming, Aero-motor combustors and Aero-versatile displaying.

Aerodynamics provides an understanding of the aerodynamic behaviour of aircraft, coupled with knowledge of flow control, flow assessment and simulation techniques will be essential for the design of the next generation of manned aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

Avionics is a field concerned with all electrical equipment used in missiles, aircraft and spacecraft. Avionics deals with components the pilot directly uses, such as weather, navigation, radar, and radio communication equipment. In addition, avionics also encompasses of other electronic systems not directly used by the pilot like the ones for control and monitoring of flight and engine performance.

Heat transfer happens usually by three methods. Conduction in solids, Convection in fluids (liquids or gases) and radiation through anything that will allow radiation to pass. These selection of method used to transfer heat is usually done by considering the efficiency delivered. Heat Transfer plays a major role in designing aerospace vehicles since high heat generation occurs during its operation.

Aero acoustics is a branch of acoustics that deals with noise generation from either turbulent fluid motion or from aerodynamic forces interacting with surfaces. Noise generation can also be associated with periodically varying flows as well.

The generation of sound by a turbulent flow is the most common physical source associated with the field of aero acoustics. The prefix ‘aero’ means air, however, the field of aero acoustics is not restricted to flow-induced noise in air. Aero acoustics is concerned with the general interaction between a background flow and an acoustics field. For example, if you were studying the reflections of sound off a shear layer or how the flow in a muffler affects transmission loss, you would be studying aero acoustics.

Propulsion refers to a method used to accelerate space crafts and aircrafts. There are many different methods. Each method has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed.

The UAV is an acronym for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, which is an aircraft with no pilot on board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems. UAVs are currently used for a number of missions, including reconnaissance and attack roles. For the purposes of this article, and to distinguish UAVs from missiles, a UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine. Also  a cruise missile can be considered to be a UAV, but is treated separately on the basis that the vehicle is the weapon. The acronym UAV has been expanded in some cases to UAVS (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle System). The FAA has adopted the acronym UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System) to reflect the fact that these complex systems include ground stations and other elements besides the actual air borne vehicles.

An airship or aircraft is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft which can circumnavigate through the air under its own power. It includes remotely organized airship design, Bio inspired and bio-mimetic micro flyers, Electric aircraft concept for unmanned air vehicles and armed flight, remotely organized airship design and Design and modelling of solar-powered aircrafts.

Aircraft stability deals with the ability to keep an aircraft in the air in the chosen flight attitude. Aircraft control deals with the ability to change the flight direction and attitude of an aircraft. Both these issues must be investigated during the preliminary design process. Stability and control are not design criteria, in other words, civil aircraft are not designed specifically for stability and control. They are designed for performance. Once a preliminary design that meets the performance criteria is created, then its stability is assessed and its control is designed.

Mechanics of space flight deals with motion of space vehicles. These include satellites, probes and capsules, which belong to the category of non-winged re-entry vehicles (RV-NW), orbiters from the category of winged re-entry vehicles (RV-W), but also air breathing cruise and acceleration vehicles (CAV).Flight mechanics is the application of Newton’s laws (F=ma and M=Iα) to the study of vehicle trajectories (performance), stability, and aerodynamic control. This field includes research that establishes new theoretical results, defines new computational algorithms, performs unique analysis and experiments, and creates technology that changes engineering practice. Advancements from this research are applied to airplanes, rotorcraft, launch vehicles, satellites, space probes, missiles, projectiles, parachutes, Para foils, the air transportation system, and others.

SpaceX is developing a family of launch vehicles intended to reduce the cost and increase the reliability of access to space. The SpaceX design and manufacturing facilities are located in Southern California, near the Los Angeles airport, and the propulsion development and structural test facilities are located in Central Texas. The Falcon 9 is a 2-stage launch vehicle powered by LOX/RP engines. The first stage generates 765,000 1bf of thrust (sea-level) using nine Merlin engines, and the second stage generates 96,000 1bf (vacuum) using a single Merlin engine. Both stages use gimbaled engines for guidance. Falcon 9 offers engine-out capability for the first stage.

Materials Science and Engineering is an acclaimed scientific discipline, expanding in recent decades to surround polymers, ceramics, glass, composite materials and biomaterials. Materials science and engineering, involves the discovery and design of new materials.  Many of the most pressing scientific problems humans currently face are due to the limitations of the materials that are available and, as a result, major breakthroughs in materials science are likely to affect the future of technology significantly. Materials scientists lay stress on understanding how the history of a material influences its structure, and thus its properties and performance. All engineered products from airplanes to musical instruments, alternative energy sources related to ecologically-friendly manufacturing processes, medical devices to artificial tissues, computer chips to data storage devices and many more are made from materials.  In fact, all new and altered materials are often at the heart of product innovation in highly diverse applications. The global market is projected to reach $6,000 million by 2020 and lodge a CAGR of 10.2% between 2015 and 2020 in terms of worth. The North American region remains the largest market, accompanied by Asia-Pacific. The Europe market is estimated to be growth at a steady rate due to economic redeem in the region along with the expanding concern for the building insulation and energy savings.

Communications Satellite relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals through a transponder. It creates a communication channel between  source transmitter and  receiver at different locations on Earth. Wireless Communication utilizes electromagnetic waves to carry signals. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curvature of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points. To avoid signal interference, International organizations have regulations for which Frequency Bands are allotted to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.

Satellites orbit Earth at different heights, speeds and along different paths. The two most common types of orbit are "geostationary and "polar." A Geostationary Satellite travels from west to east over the equator. Following are the applications:

Fixed Service Satellite: FSS is the official classification for geostationary communications satellites used chiefly for broadcast feeds for television and radio stations and networks, as well as for telecommunication, Data Communications, and also for Direct-To-Home (DTH) cable and satellite TV channels.

Direct Broadcast Satellite: DBS is a term used to refer to satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception, also referred to as direct-to-home signals. It covers both analogue and Digital Television and radio reception, and is often extended to other services provided by modern digital television systems, including video-on-demand and interactive features. A "DBS service" usually refers to either a commercial service or a group of free channels available from one orbital position targeting one country.

Satellite Broadband: In recent years, Satellite Communication Technology has been used as a means to connect to the internet via broadband data connections. This is very useful for users to test who are located in very remote areas, and can't access a wire line broadband or dialup connection.

Aerospace manufacturers are now facing with a backlog of orders. To address that dilemma, they need to automate their factories. The industry is investing heavily in flexible systems that reduce cost, improve quality and boost productivity

Given the importance of safety for the aircraft industry, achieving maximum precision is essential for aerospace manufacturers. Needless to say, cost also plays a major role in determining priorities along the value chain.

Climate Change refers to change in average weather conditions. Climate change is caused by biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, Plate Tectonics, and volcanic eruptions . Weather Forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a given location. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. However, satellite imagery can also undergo various types of quantitative processing to obtain information on important Meteorological variables such as wind speed and direction, cloud height, surface temperature, sea ice cover, vegetation cover, precipitation, etc.